Lanthanoids

Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57. Lanthanum is a silvery-white element that belongs to group 3 in the periodic table that is the first element of the Lanthanides series. Lanthanum was first discovered in 1939. It was discovered by Carl Mosander. Lanthanum is a soft, malleable white metal which has a hexagonal crystal structure at room temperature. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Lanthanum__. Oct. 13, 2011 .
 * Peter Nguyen & Andy Nguyen **
 * Lanthanides ( 57 - 71 ) **
 * Name of Element: ** Lanthanum **Symbol: ** La **Atomic Number: ** 57 **Atomic Mass: ** 138.9055 **Melting Point: ** 920.0 �C **Boiling Point: ** 3469.0 �C **Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 57 **Number of Neutrons: ** 82 **Classification: ** Rare Earth **Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **Color of Element: ****White **

Cerium is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. Cerium is a silvery-metal that belongs to group 3 in the periodic table that is the second element in the Lanthanides series. Cerium was discovered by W.von Hisinger in 1803. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Cerium__. Oct. 13, 2011 .
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name of Element: ** Cerium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Ce **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 58 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 140.116 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 795.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 3257.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 58 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 82 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Cubic **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** Gray

Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. Praseodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Pr and atomic number 59. In 1885, C.F. Aver von Welsbach discovered this element. This element is used for coloring grass and ceramics. This element can be obtained from salts. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Praseodymium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/pr.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name of Element: ** Praseodymium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Pr **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 59 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 140.90765**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 935.0 �C**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 3127.0 �C**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 59 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 82 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** Unknown

Neodymium is part of the Lanthanides series and in group 3 in the periodic table. This element�s atomic number is 60 and the symbol is Nd. This element is very soft that could tarnish in the air! Neodymium was discovered by the Australian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. Most of the world�s Neodymium is mined in China. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Neodymium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/nd.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name of Element: ** Neodymium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Nd **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 60 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 144.24 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 1010.0 �C**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 3127.0 �C**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 60 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 84 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** silvery

Promethium is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. It is in the Lanthanides series. Promethium is very reactive and has high radioactivity. It has a hexagonal crystal structure. Promethium was discovered by J.A. Marinsky in 1945. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Promethium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/pm.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name of Element: ** Promethium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Pm **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 61 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** (145.0)**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** Unknown **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** Unknown **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 61 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 84 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **C**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">olor: Unknown

Samarium is a chemical element with the symbol of Sm and atomic number of 62. It is grouped with the Lanthanides series. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air. Samarium was discovered in 1879 by the French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq Boisbaudran. This element has a Rhombohedral crystal structure. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Samarium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/sm.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name of Element: ** Samarium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Sm **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 62 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 150.36 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 1072.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 1900.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 62 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 88 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Rhombohedral **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** silver

Europium is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is named after the continent of Europe. Europium is moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and also water. Europium is the most reactive rare earth element. Europium was discovered by Eugene Demarcay in 1901. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Europium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/eu.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name of Element: ** Europium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Eu **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 63 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 151.964 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 822.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 1597.0 �C**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 63 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 89 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Cubic **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** silver

Gadolinium is a chemical element with the symbol Gd and atomic number 64. Gadolinium was discovered by Jean de Marignac in 1880. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Gadolinium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/gd.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name: ** Gadolinium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Gd **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 64 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 157.25 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 1311.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 3233.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 64 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 93 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** Silverish

Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. Terbium is a silvery-white metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Terbium is contained in many minerals and other substances. Terbium was discovered by Carl Mosander in 1843. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Terbium__. Oct. 13, 2011 [].
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name: ** Terbium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Tb **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 65 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 158.92534**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 1360.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 3041.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 65 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 94 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** silverfish
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name: ** Dysprosium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Dy **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 66 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 162.5 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 1412.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 2562.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 66 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 97 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** Unknown

Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. Dysprosium is in the Lanthanides series. Dysprosium is a rare earth element that has a metallic, bright silver luster. Dysprosium is soft enough to be cut with knife. It was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Dysprosium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/dy.html>.

Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. It is part of the Lanthanides series and is a rare earth element. This element reacts to water and rusts readily. Holmium was discovered by J.L. Soret in 1878. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Holmium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/ho.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name: ** Holmium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Ho **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 67 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 164.93031**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 1470.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 2720.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 67 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 98 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** Silver

Erbium is a chemical element with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. It is part of the Lanthanides series. Erbium has a hexagonal crystal structure. It was discovered by Carl Mosander in 1843. Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Erbium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/er.html>. Thulium is a chemical element with the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is part of the Lanthanides series; it is the least abundant one out. Thulium is a rare earth element with a hexagonal crystal structure. It was discovered by Per Theodor Cleve in 1879. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Thulium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/tm.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name: ** Erbium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Er **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 68 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 167.26 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 1522.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 2510.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 68 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 99 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** grayish
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Name: ** Thulium **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Tm **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 69 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 168.9342**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 1545.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 1727.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 69 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 100 **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">Color: ** silverish

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It was part of the Lanthanides series. This element is soft and malleable element. Ytterbium was discovered by Jean de Marignac in 1878. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Ytterbium__. Oct. 13, 2011 []. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Lutetium is a chemical element that belongs to group 3 and also part of the Lanthanides series. The symbol for this element is Lu and the atomic number is 71. Lutetium was discovered by Georges Urbain in 1907. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Bentor, Yinon. __Chemical Element.com - Lutetium__. Oct. 13, 2011 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/lu.html>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Name: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Ytterbium **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Yb **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 70 **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 173.04 **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 824.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 1466.0 �C**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 70 **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 103 **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Cubic **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Color: ** Silvery
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Name: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> Lutetium **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Symbol: ** Lu **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Atomic Number: ** 71 **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Atomic Mass: ** 174.967 **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Melting Point: ** 1656.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Boiling Point: ** 3315.0 �C **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Number of Protons/Electrons: ** 71 **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Number of Neutrons: ** 104 **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Classification: ** Rare Earth **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Crystal Structure: ** Hexagonal **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Color: ** silvery

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">References: [] [] []

Lanthanoids:

Like any other groups apart of the periodic table, each group have their own certain trend or pattern. At the bottom of a periodic table we will find a stretch section ranging from the number 58 � 71 and are know to be called Lanthanides. Lanthanides are all metals and are all mainly a silvery or sliver/gold colour. A common and most easy to spot trend would be the contraction of Lanthanides. As the general rule of any periodic table the amount of neutral and negative charges are equal. We will see the decrease change from La �Lu except for EU and this also applies to the entire period of elements.

Lanthanide is a group of elements which �forms a tri-chloride� chlorine, an element from the periodic table oxidases all the elements from 58 � 71 to the +3 oxidation state.

As lanthanide atomic number increases, additional electrons are added to the F � orbital and not the outer valence shell. For lanthanides to be productive and efficient within the use of it, the product element itself should not be sequestered.
 * Helmenstine, A n.d., //Lathanides: Properties of Element Groups//,, accessed 20 October 2011, <http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/lanthanides.htm>. ||